Malva parviflora is a leafy vegetable belonging to the family Malvaceae. Medicinal plants have had several vital chemical compounds, with some biological functions. Supplementation of these plants to the animals diets lead to significant betterments in the animals' productivity and health status. This study was designed to investigate the effects of Malva parviflora as a substitute for commercial premix carrier in the poultry diets to see the response on some of the productive and economic traits in broilers. 576 one day old Ross 308 chicks were randomly divided into eight groups with three replicate (24 bird /replicate) per group. Each group was subjected to the one of the following treatments: Tr 1. (Control) contained 2. 5% of diet supplemented with homemade premix (with carrier Malva parviflora weed leaves meal), Tr 2. 2. 5% provimi premix, Tr 3. 2. 5% Turkis hpremix, Tr 4. Dutch premix, Tr 5. 50% homemade premix + 50% provimi premix, Tr 6. 50% homemade premix + 50% Turkish, Tr 7. Homemade premix + 50% Dutch 50% Tr 8. 25% from each four types premixes. Live body weight, feed consumption, feed conversion, growth rate، Production Index، economic indicator and mortality rate averages were measured to the 5 weeks of age. Result showed that there were significant differences (P<0. 05) among treatments in weight gains at all periods. Treatment 1، 26، 5، 4، showed the highest weight gain at 5 weeks of age, however, Tr. 3، 7 showed the lowest value. There were significant differences (P<0. 05) in the rate of feed consumption among treatments during the different periods. Birds in Tr. 3 consumed the highest amount of feed compared with control, Also there was significant differences in feed conversion ratio among all treatment groups at all periods where, the highest value was found in (Tr. 3), and the lowest value was recorded in Tr. 1. At least there was large differences in cost of locally premix which recorded the cheapest and lowest value about 1300 U. S. A$ less in every ton compared with the commercial premixes.

In Iran, rainbow trout is the sole species of cold-water fish that is farmed, and it plays a crucial role in the aquaculture industry. However, challenges like poor environmental conditions, high stocking densities, and inadequate diets lead to stress and weakened immune systems, resulting in reduced growth and increased susceptibility to various diseases. Traditionally, antibiotics have been used to control infections, but their widespread use has resulted in drug residues, health risks for consumers, antibiotic-resistant strains, higher production costs, and environmental degradation. The growing demand for eco-friendly products has intensified the need to limit or ban antibiotic usage in aquaculture. Over the past two decades, interest in utilizing medicinal plants to prevent and treat aquatic diseases has increased. The herbs can help combat antibiotic resistance, eliminate drug residues, and maintain microbial balance in aquatic environments. In this review, we assess the effectiveness of native Iranian medicinal plants on growth, immunity, blood and serum and antioxidant indices, and resistance to microbial diseases in rainbow trout. We also explore how factors such as type of plant material, dosage, duration of use, and pathogen type influence treatment efficacy. Our findings indicate that diets enriched with these plants significantly improve growth, immunity, and disease survival, regardless of the variables considered. This study highlights that plant-based supplements derived from native Iranian herbs offer a versatile alternative for fish farmers, from small-scale to industrial operations.

In Iran, rainbow trout is the sole species of cold-water fish that is farmed, and it plays a crucial role in the aquaculture industry. However, challenges like poor environmental conditions, high stocking densities, and inadequate diets lead to stress and weakened immune systems, resulting in reduced growth and increased susceptibility to various diseases. Traditionally, antibiotics have been used to control infections, but their widespread use has resulted in drug residues, health risks for consumers, antibiotic-resistant strains, higher production costs, and environmental degradation. The growing demand for eco-friendly products has intensified the need to limit or ban antibiotic usage in aquaculture. Over the past two decades, interest in utilizing medicinal plants to prevent and treat aquatic diseases has increased. The herbs can help combat antibiotic resistance, eliminate drug residues, and maintain microbial balance in aquatic environments. In this review, we assess the effectiveness of native Iranian medicinal plants on growth, immunity, blood and serum and antioxidant indices, and resistance to microbial diseases in rainbow trout. We also explore how factors such as type of plant material, dosage, duration of use, and pathogen type influence treatment efficacy. Our findings indicate that diets enriched with these plants significantly improve growth, immunity, and disease survival, regardless of the variables considered. This study highlights that plant-based supplements derived from native Iranian herbs offer a versatile alternative for fish farmers, from small-scale to industrial operations.

Fuel saving and emission control in transportation is a global critical issue, so research is required to concentrate on the energy conservation of diesel engines. Generally, in an internal combustion Engine, around 66 % of the total heat is lost and, around 33% is used for Brake Power. It is very important to improve the energy level of the engine in the field of automobiles, and this will be shown in the heat balance sheet of diesel engines. An attempt has been made to fulfill the above requirement by adding CuO and ZnO nano-additives to pure diesel fuel and Al2O3 and ZnO nano-lubricant additives to SAE 15W-40 engine lubricant oil by sonication process. Experimental work on a vertical twin-cylinder four-stroke, water-cooled, advanced computerized diesel engine was carried out with no load to full load condition using a computerised eddy current dynamometer attachment. The performance of the engine is evaluated by considering specific fuel consumption, brake thermal, mechanical, and volumetric efficiency, and exhaust emission. Results show that Specific fuel consumption is reduced by about 14.98%, Brake thermal efficiency is increased by about 17.62%, and Mechanical efficiency is increased by about 3.94%, respectively, using both nano fuel additives and nano lubricant additives. For exhaust, the emission is reduced by 20.04%, 10.25% for CO and NOx, and increased in CO2 by 29.16%. With the application of nano additives in fuel as well as in lubricating oil, the overall thermal performance can be appreciably improved, and the exhaust gas pollutant from the engine can be significantly reduced.